Refine your search
Co-Authors
Journals
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Kaul, Rahul
- Response of Broadcast Calls of Cheer Pheasant Catreus wallichii on Raptors in Majathal-Harsang Wildlife Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh, India
Abstract Views :159 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Wildlife Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh – 202 002, Uttar Pradesh, IN
2 Department of Zoology, M.L.N. College, Yamuna Nagar - 135 001, Haryana, IN
3 Wildlife Trust of India, Noida, U.P., IN
1 Department of Wildlife Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh – 202 002, Uttar Pradesh, IN
2 Department of Zoology, M.L.N. College, Yamuna Nagar - 135 001, Haryana, IN
3 Wildlife Trust of India, Noida, U.P., IN
Source
Indian Forester, Vol 141, No 10 (2015), Pagination: 1103-1103Abstract
No Abstract.
- Forage and Security Trade-Offs by Markhor Capra falconeri Mothers
Abstract Views :245 |
PDF Views:76
Authors
Affiliations
1 Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore 3076/5, IV Cross, Gokulam Park, Mysore 570 002, IN
2 Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183,, SE
3 Wildlife Trust of India, Noida 201 301, IN
1 Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore 3076/5, IV Cross, Gokulam Park, Mysore 570 002, IN
2 Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183,, SE
3 Wildlife Trust of India, Noida 201 301, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 110, No 8 (2016), Pagination: 1559-1564Abstract
Food acquisition and security from predators are primary determinants of habitat use in ungulates. There is usually a trade-off in the response of animals to these two factors, influenced by the individual's reproductive state. Females with vulnerable offspring, after parturition, are expected to compromise food acquisition for security. In temperate species such as the markhor Capra falconeri, however, the females give birth at a time when nutritious forage begins to become available after the long lean period of winter. The need to access quality forage in spring should, therefore, be significant even for new mothers, making the issue of female habitat choice particularly interesting and important to understand. We assessed habitat use patterns of the Pirpanjal markhor during the winter and parturition periods, to examine the response of markhor females to contrasting pressures of forage acquisition and neonate security. Markhor were observed during morning and evening hours along trails and vantage points in the Limber Wildlife Sanctuary, western Himalaya, India. Vegetation abundance and quality were assessed. Principal Components Analyses revealed that during winter, as expected, access to forage was the primary factor influencing habitat choice by female markhor. Following parturition, however, despite the low availability of quality forage throughout the preceding winter, markhor mothers predominantly used secure areas with steep slopes closer to cliffs, even though they were poorer in forage availability. Our results underscore the importance of neonate security in determining habitat use of markhor and the causes of low productivity of this population.Keywords
Forage, Habitat Use, Kashmir, Markhor, Mountain Ungulates, Parturition, Security, Trade-Off.Full Text
- Distribution and Conservation Status of the Western Tragopan Tragopan melanocephalus in Jammu and Kashmir, India
Abstract Views :246 |
PDF Views:81
Authors
Riyaz Ahmad
1,
Narayan Sharma
2,
Upender Pacchnanda
3,
Intesar Suhail
3,
Kasturi Deb
1,
Yash Veer Bhatnagar
2,
Rahul Kaul
1
Affiliations
1 Wildlife Trust of India, F-13, Sector 8, Noida 201 301, IN
2 Nature Conservation Foundation, 3076/5, IV Cross, Gokulam Park, Mysuru 570 002, IN
3 Department of Wildlife Protection, Rajbagh, Srinagar 190 001, IN
1 Wildlife Trust of India, F-13, Sector 8, Noida 201 301, IN
2 Nature Conservation Foundation, 3076/5, IV Cross, Gokulam Park, Mysuru 570 002, IN
3 Department of Wildlife Protection, Rajbagh, Srinagar 190 001, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 112, No 09 (2017), Pagination: 1948-1953Abstract
In India, western tragopan is reported from Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. We documented the current status and distribution of western tragopan in J&K. We also predicted its potential distribution in the state. We used literature, field surveys and semi-structured questionnaire surveys to ascertain the distribution and conservation status of the pheasant species in J&K. Between 2007 and 2011, we conducted counts of western tragopan in five areas: Tattakuti Wildlife Sanctuary, Khara Galli Conservation Reserve (CR), Limber Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS), Lacchipora WLS and Kazinag National Park (NP) to assess its current status. We estimated 113 callers of western tragopan from Kazinag NP, Limber WLS, Lacchipora WLS, Tattakuti WLS and Khara Galli CR. We also discovered four new sites - Tattakuti WLS and Khara Galli CR (through direct surveys), Noorpur Galli and Narian-Ratannard (through secondary surveys) - of this species. We have confirmed the presence of western tragopan in Lacchipora WLS and re-confirmed its presence in Padder, Bhadarwa and Sudh Mahadev. Our habitat model predicted potential distribution of western tragopan, adding few additional potential sites. There is an urgent need to plan long-term monitoring and initiate appropriate measures to conserve the species.Keywords
Conservation Status, Distribution, Hunting, Tragopan melanocephalus.Full Text
References
- www.iucnredlist.org (accessed on 4 January 2015).
- McGowan, P. J. K. and Garson, P. J., Pheasants: Status Surveys and Conservation Action Plan 1995–1999. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 1995.
- Duke, G., Using call counts to compare western tragopan populations in Pakistan’s Himalaya. In Pheasants in Asia (eds Hill, D. A., Garson, P. J. and Jenkins, D.), World Pheasant Association, Reading, UK, 1990, pp. 193–199.
- Qadri, M. Y., Kaul, R. and Iqbal, M., Status of pheasants of Kashmir with special reference to endangered species. In Pheasants in Asia (eds Hill, D. A., Garson, P. J. and Jenkins, D.), World Pheasant Association, Reading, UK, 1990, pp. 124–128.
- Gaston, A. J., Garson, P. J. and Hunter, M. L., Present distribution and status of pheasants in Himachal Pradesh, Western Himalayas. J. World Pheasant Assoc., 1981, 6, 10–30.
- Prasad, N., On the occurrence of western and satyr tragopan together in Uttar Pradesh. Newsl. Birdwatchers, 1993, 33(1), 6.
- BirdLife International, Threatened Birds of Asia: The BirdLife International Red Data Book, Cambridge, UK, 2001.
- Gaston, A. J., Garson, P. J. and Hunter, M. L., The status and conservation of forest wildlife in Himachal Pradesh, Western Himalayas. Biol. Conserv., 1983, 27, 291–314.
- Jandrotia, J. S., Sharma, V. and Katoch, S. S., A pheasant survey in the Ravi Catchment of Chamba District, Himachal Pradesh, India. Annu. Rev. World Pheasant Assoc., 1995, pp. 67–74.
- Pandey, S., Pheasant surveys and their conservation in protected areas in Upper Beas Valley, H.P. In Pheasants in Asia (ed. Jenkins, D.), World Pheasant Association, Reading, UK, 1993, pp. 58–61.
- Ramesh, K., An ecological study on pheasants of the Great Himalayan national park, Western Himalaya. Ph D Dissertation, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2003.
- Chauhan, B. S. and Sharma, V., Status of the Western tragopan in Himachal Pradesh, India. World Pheasant Assoc., News, 1991, 34, 25–28.
- Islam, K., Status and distribution of the Western tragopan in northeastern Pakistan. In Pheasants in Asia (eds Savage, C. D. W. and Ridley, M. W.), World Pheasant Association, Reading, UK, 1982.
- Kaul, R. and Qadri, S., Western tragopan surveys in Limber Valley, Kashmir, India. WPA News, 1989, pp. 12–14.
- Narang, M. L., Searches for Western tragopan in Himachal Pradesh, India. In Pheasants in Asia (ed. Jenkins, D.). World Pheasant Association, Reading, UK, 1992.
- Jandrotia, J. S., Katoch, S. S., Kaul, R. and Seth, K, Surveys of pheasants in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh, India. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Galliformes Symposium, Kathmandu. World Pheasant Association, Reading, UK, 2000.
- Javed, S., Birds of Limbar Valley Forest (Jammu & Kashmir). Newsl. Birdwatchers, 1992, 32(5&6), 13–15.
- Awan, M. N., Buner, F. and Kingdon, N., A review of published and unpublished surveys of a red-listed ‘flagship species’, the Western tragopan Tragopan melanocephalus in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Bird Conservation International 2011, pp. 1–16; doi:10.1017/S0959270915000246.
- Miller, J. R. B., Survey of Western Tragopan, Koklass Pheasant, and Himalayan Monal populations in the Great Himalayan National Park, Himachal Pradesh, India. Indian Birds, 2010, 6(3), 60–65.
- Kaul, R. and Shakya, S., Spring call counts of some Galliformes in the Pipar Reserve, Nepal. Forktail, 2001, 17, 75–80.
- Khaling, S., Kaul, R. and Saha, G. K., Surveys of the Satyr tragopan Tragopan satyra in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling India using spring call counts. Bird Conserv. Int., 1998, 8(4), 361–372.
- Ghose, D., Report on the survey of Blyth’s tragopan in the Blue Mountain National Park, Mizoram, India. Submitted to the World Pheasant Association, 1997.
- Gaston, A. J., Census techniques for Himalayan pheasants including notes on individual species. J. World Pheasant Assoc., 1980, 5, 40–53.
- Conservation Prospects of the Kashmir Red Deer (Cervus hanglu hanglu) beyond Dachigam National Park, in Jammu and Kashmir, India
Abstract Views :315 |
PDF Views:77
Authors
Rahul Kaul
1,
Mayukh Chatterjee
1,
Tapajit Bhattacharya
1,
Smita Bodhankar
1,
Riyaz Ahmad
1,
Mansoor Nabi Sofi
1,
Samina Amin Charoo
2
Affiliations
1 Wildlife Trust of India, F-13, Sec-8, Noida 201 301, IN
2 Department of Wildlife Protection, Jammu and Kashmir 190 008, IN
1 Wildlife Trust of India, F-13, Sec-8, Noida 201 301, IN
2 Department of Wildlife Protection, Jammu and Kashmir 190 008, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 114, No 10 (2018), Pagination: 2123-2130Abstract
India’s only extant red deer species, the Kashmir red deer, or hangul (Cervus hanglu hanglu) is restricted today to the confines of the 141 sq. km Dachigam National Park (NP) in Jammu and Kashmir, with about 200 surviving individuals. A continual population decline of hangul has necessitated the identification of relict populations and suitable habitats outside Dachigam NP, so that a meta-population approach to its conservation may be employed. Extensive surveys in 2008–2012 across the Kashmir valley, helped identify three distinct areas, where the presence of the red deer was confirmed year-round. Ecological Niche Factor Analysis results indicated that hangul exhibits high global marginality (1.24) and low global tolerance (0.28). Habitat suitability modelling predicted 610.75 sq. km area of conifer and temperate broadleaved forests as highly (61–100%) suitable and 980.25 sq. km as moderately (31–60%) suitable, primarily in two distinct areas of Wanghat Naranag and Chandaji, which also showed presence of the hangul year-round. This suggests that apart from Dachigam NP, suitable habitats bearing hangul populations still exist in Kashmir valley (935.46 sq. km), emphasizing the need to urgently direct protection and conservation focus to these areas to conserve hangul successfully in this landscape.Keywords
Corridor, Habitat Suitability, Hangul, Kashmir Stag, Red Deer.Full Text
References
- Dolan, J. M., A deer of many lands – a guide to the subspecies of the red deer Cervus elaphus. Zoonooz, 1988, 62, 20.
- Lovari, S. et al., Cervus elaphus. In IUCN 2013, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2008, Version 2013.1.
- Flint, V., Pereladova, O. B. and Mirutenko, M. V., Program for Bukara deer restoration in the USSR. All Union Research Institute for Nature Protection and Reserve Services, State Committee on Nature, USSR, 1989.
- Carranza, J., The preservation of Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) from genetic introgression by other European subspecies. Deer Specialist Group Newsletter, 2003.
- Hmwe, S. S., Zachos, F. E., Eckert, I., Lorenzini, R., Fico, R. and Hartl, B., Conservation genetics of the endangered red deer from Sardinia and Mesola with further remarks on the phylogeography of Cervus elaphus corsicanus. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond., 2006, 88, 691–701.
- Lorenzini, R. and Garofalo, L., Insights into the evolutionary history of Cervus (Cervidae, tribe cervinae) based on Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial marker sequences, first indication of a new species. J. Zoolog. Syst. Evol. Res., 2015, 53(4), 340–349.
- Kurt, F., Kashmir deer (Cervus elaphus hangulu) in Dachigam, Working meeting of the IUCN Deer Specialist Group, Longview, September, 1977, p. 43.
- Qureshi, Q. et al., Status and distribution of Hangul Cervus elaphus hanglu, Wagner in Kashmir, India. J. Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., 2009, 106, 63–71.
- Charoo, S. A., Sharma, L. K. and Sathyakumar, S., Distribution and relative abundance of Kashmir Red deer or Hangul (Cervus elaphus hangul) at Dachigam National Park, India. Galemys 22 (N° special), 2010, pp. 171–184.
- Schaller, G. B., Observations on the Hangul or Kashmir Stag (Cervus elaphus hanglu). J. Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1969, 66, 1–7.
- Kurt, F., Hangul, India: ecological study to identify conservation needs. Final Report, 1978, IUCN/WWF Project 1103.
- Ahmad, K., Sathyakumar, S. and Qureshi, Q., Feeding Preferences of Hangul (Cervus elaphus hanglu) at Dachigam National Park, Kashmir, India. Final Report submitted to the Department of Wildlife Protection, Jammu and Kashmir Government, Srinagar, and Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, 2005.
- Ahmad, K., Aspects of Ecology of Hangul (Cervus elaphus hanglu) at Dachigam National Park, Kashmir, India. Ph. D. Thesis. Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India, 2006.
- Sharma, L. K., Charoo, S. A. and Sathyakumar, S., Habitat use and food habit of Kashmir Red deer or Hangul (Cervus elaphus hangul) at Dachigam National Park, India. Galemys 22 (N° special), 2010, 309–329.
- Iqbal, S., Qureshi, Q., Sathyakumar, S. and Inayatullah, M., Predatorprey relationship with special reference to Hangul (Cervus elaphus hanglu) in Dachigam National Park. Final Report, 2005.
- Mukesh, Sharma, L. K., Kumar, V. P., Charoo, S. A., Mohan, N., Goyal, S. P. and Sathyakumar, S., Loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding in Kashmir red deer (Cervus elaphus hanglu) of Dachigam National Park, Jammu and Kashmir, India. BMC Res. Notes, 2012, 6, 326.
- Holloway, C. W. and Wani, A. R., Management plan for Dachigam Sanctuary 1971–1975. Mimeo, 1970, p. 26.
- Zachos, F. E., Hajji, G. M., Hmwe, S. S., Hartl, G. B., Lorenzini, R. and Mattioli, S., Population viability analysis and the genetic diversity of the endangered red deer Cervus elaphus population from Mesola, Italy. Wildl. Biol., 2009, 15, 175–186.
- Ferretti, F. and Mattioli, S., The Mesola red deer: present numbers and conservation perspectives. Hystrix, 2012, 23(2), 36–44.
- Brook, B. W., Tonkyn, D. W., O’Grady, J. J. and Frankham, R., Contribution of inbreeding to extinction risk in threatened species. Conserv. Ecol., 2002, (6) 16.
- Sweanor, L. L., Logan, K. A. and Hornocker, M. G., Cougar dispersal patterns, metapopulation dynamics and conservation. Conserv. Biol., 2000, 14, 798–808.
- Mandujano, S., Escobedo-Morales, L. A., Palacios-Silva, R., Arroyo-Rodriguez, R. and Rodriguez-Toledo, E. M., Approach to conserving the howler monkey in a highly fragmented landscape in Los-Tuxtlas, Mexico. In New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates: Distribution, Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation (eds Alejandro, E. et al.), Springer, New York, 2005.
- Kuemmerle, T. et al., Predicting potential European bison habitat across its former range. Ecol. Appl., 2011, 21, 830–843.
- Hu, J. and Jiang, Z., Predicting the potential distribution of the endangered Przewalski’s gazelle. J. Zool., 2010, 282, 54–63.
- Pulliam, H. R. and Danielson, B. J., Source, sinks, and habitat selection: a landscape perspective on population dynamics. Am. Nat., 1991, 137, 550–566.
- Harveson, P. M., Grant, W. E., Lopez, R. R., Silvy, N. J. and Frank, P. A., The role of dispersal in Florida key deer metapopulation dynamics. Ecol. Model., 2006, 195, 393–401.
- Beier, P. and Noss, R. F., Do habitat corridors provide connectivity? Conserv. Biol., 1998, 12, 1241–1252.
- Pathey, P. Habitat corridor selection of an expanding red deer (Cervus elaphus) population. Ph D thesis, University of Lausanne, 2003.
- Larson, M. A., Thompson, F. R., Millspaugh, J. J., Dijak, W. D. and Shifley, S. R., Linking population viability, habitat suitability, and landscape simulation models for conservation planning. Ecol. Modell., 2004, 180, 103–118.
- Biotani, L. et al., Distribution of medium- to large sized African mammals based on habitat suitability models. Biodivers. Conserv., 2008, 17, 605–621.
- Hirzel, A. H., Hausser, J., Chessel, D. and Perrin, N., Ecological niche factor analysis: How to compute habitat-suitability maps without absence data? Ecology, 2002, 83, 2027–2036.
- Gu, W. and Swihart, R. K., Absent or undetected? Effects of nondetection of species occurrence on wildlife-habitat models. Biol. Conserv., 2004, 116, 195–203.
- Hirzel, A. H., Hausser, J. and Perrin, N., Biomapper 3.1, Lausanne, lab for conservation biology, 2002.
- Sokal, R. R. and Rohlf, E. J., Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research, W.H. Freeman, New York, 1981.
- Legendre, L. and Legendre, P., Numerical Ecology, Second English edition, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1998.
- Glass, G. V. and Hopkins, K. D., Statistical Methods in Education and Psychology, Prentice Hall, London, UK, Second edn, 1984.
- Hirzel, A. H. and Arlettaz, R., Modeling habitat suitability for complex species distributions by environmental-distance geometric mean. Environ. Manage., 2003, 32, 614–623.
- Fielding, A. H. and Bell, J. F., A review of methods for the assessment of prediction errors in conservation presence/absence models. Environ. Conserv., 1997, 24, 38–49.
- Hirzel, A. H., Le Lay, G., Helfer, V., Randin, C. and Guisan, A., Evaluating the ability of habitat suitability models to predict species presences. Ecol. Modell., 2006, 199(2), 142–152.
- Boyce, M. S., Vernier, P. R., Nielsen, S. E. and Schmiegelow, F. K. A., Evaluating resource selection functions, Ecol. Modell., 2002, 157, 281–300.
- Olson, K., Zahler, P. and Odonkhuu, D., Connectivity, corridors and stepping stones: conservation implications of roe deer distribution on the eastern steppe. Mong. J. Biol. Sci., 2004, 2, 23–27.
- Shepherd, B. and Whittington, J., Response of wolves to corridor restoration and human use management. Ecol. Soc., 2006, 11, 1.
- Dixon, J. D., Oli, M. K., Wooten, M. C., Eason, T. H., McCown, J. W. and Paetkau, D., Effectiveness of a regional corridor in connecting two Florida black bear populations. Cons. Biol., 2006, 20, 155–162.
- Frank, L. G., Rosie, W. and Ogada, M. O., People and predators in Laikipia district, Kenya, In. People and Wildlife: conflict or coexistence (eds Rosie, W., Simon, T. and Rabinowitz, A.), Zoological Society of London, 2005.
- Bartlam-Brooks, H. L. A., Bonyongo, M. C. and Stephen, H., Will reconnecting ecosystems allow long-distance mammal migrations to resume – a case study of Zebra Equus burchelli migration in Botswana. Oryx, 2011, 45, 210–216.
- Ashraf, N., Maqsood, A., Iftikhar, H. and Muhammad, A. N., Competition for food between the markhor and domestic goat in Chitral, Pakistan. Turk J. Zool., 2014, 38(2), 191–198.
- Shah, G. M., Jan, U., Bhat, B. A. and Ahanger, F. A., Causes of decline of critically endangered hangul deer in Dachigam National Park, Kashmir (India): a review. Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv., 2011, 3(14), 735–738.
- Ahmad, R., Mishra, C., Singh, N. J., Kaul, R. and Bhatnagar, Y. V., Forage and security trade-offs by markhor Capra falconeri mothers. Curr. Sci., 2016, 110(8), 1559–1564.
- Role of Vegetation Characteristics on the Distribution of Three Hornbill Species in and around Pakke Tiger Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Abstract Views :113 |
PDF Views:61
Authors
Affiliations
1 Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun 248 001, IN
2 Postgraduate Department of Conservation Biology, Durgapur Government College, Jawahar Lal Nehru Road, Durgapur 713 214, IN
3 Wildlife Trust of India, F13, Sector 8, Noida 201 301, IN
1 Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun 248 001, IN
2 Postgraduate Department of Conservation Biology, Durgapur Government College, Jawahar Lal Nehru Road, Durgapur 713 214, IN
3 Wildlife Trust of India, F13, Sector 8, Noida 201 301, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 124, No 5 (2023), Pagination: 617-625Abstract
The change in physiognomic and floristic characteristics of vegetation composition affects the bird community assemblage and the relative abundance of different species within the community. Hornbills are mutualistic to the forest with their dependency on roosting, nesting and feeding, and helping in the regeneration of different plant species by dispersing the seeds. The relationship between various vegetation characteristics and the relative abundance of three hornbill species (Great Pied Hornbill (GPH, Buceros bicornis), Wreathed Hornbill (Rhyticeros undulatus) and Oriental Pied Hornbill (OPH, Anthracoceros albirostris)) was studied in and around Pakke Tiger Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh, India. We walked transects (n = 11; 22 walks) in three study sites to detect hornbills. Vegetation sampling was done using circular plots (n = 33; 10 m radius) at every 400 m interval along each transect. Encounter rate (1.5 ± 0.188/km) of GPH was highest in the protected and undisturbed forest area, where food and roosting tree density were also high (114/ha). OPH was common in both the sites in the Reserve, near riverine forests (0.75 ± 0.25/km) and the dense undisturbed forest (0.875 ± 0.226/km). Multivariate analysis revealed that tree density, presence of fruiting trees (utilized by hornbills), canopy cover and tree diversity in a particular area are the major factors responsible for the assemblage of more than one hornbill species. The study shows that protection of forest patches to keep the diversity and density of the tree species intact is crucial for the survival and distribution of hornbills in the landscape.Keywords
Forest Structure, Hornbill Abundance, Mutualism, Tiger Reserve, Vegetation Characteristics.Full Text
References
- Cody, M. L. (ed.), Habitat Selection in Birds, Academic Press, New York, USA, 1985, p. 560.
- Terborgh, J., Robinson, S. K., Parker, T. A., Munn, C. A. and Pierpont, N., Structure and organization of an Amazonian forest bird community. Ecol. Monogr., 1990, 60, 213–238.
- Weins, J. A., The Ecology of Bird Community, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1992, vol. 2, p. 336.
- Morrison, M. C., Marcot, B. G. and Mannan, R. W., Wildlife Habitat Relationships: Concepts and Applications, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, USA, 1992, p. 371.
- Block, W. M. and Brennan, L. A., The habitat concept in ornithology. Curr. Ornithol., 1993, 11, 35–91.
- Rotenberry, J. T., The role of habitat in avian community composition: physiognomy or floristics? Oecologia, 1985, 67, 213–217.
- Weins, J. A., Rotenberry, J. T. and Van Horne, B., Habitat occupancy patterns of North American Shrubsteppe birds: the effect of spatial scale. Oikos, 1987, 48, 132–147.
- Datta, A. and Rawat, G. S., Nest site selection and nesting success of three hornbill species in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India. Buceros bicornis, Aceros undulatus and Anthoceros albirostris. Bird Conserv. Int., 2004, 14, S39–S52; https://doi.org/10.1017/S095927-0905000213.
- Rottenbery, J. T., Why measure bird habitat? The use of multivariate statistics in studies of wildlife habitat. In USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-87 (ed. Capen, D.), USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, USA, 1981, pp. 29–32.
- Thinh, V. T., Bird species richness and diversity in relation to vegetation in Bavi National Park, Vietnam. Ornithol. Sci., 2006, 5(1), 121–125.
- Gould, S. F. and Mackey, B. G., Site vegetation characteristics are more important than landscape context in determining bird assemblages in revegetation. Restor. Ecol., 2015, 23, 670–680; doi: 10.1111/rec.12222.
- Naniwadekar, R., Chaplod, S., Datta, A., Rathore, A. and Sridhar, H., Large frugivore matter: insights from network and seed dispersal effectiveness approaches. J. Anim. Ecol., 2019, 88, 1250–1262; https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13005.
- MacArthur, R. H. and MacArthur, J. W., On bird species richness. Ecology, 1961, 42, 594–598.
- Balda, R. P., Foliage use by birds of the oak–juniper wood land and ponderosa pine forest in southeastern Arizona. Condor, 1969, 71, 399–412.
- Karr, J. and Roth, R., Vegetation structure and avian diversity in several New World areas. Am. Nat., 1971, 115, 423–435; doi:10.1086/282735.
- Rice, J., Habitat selection attributes of an avian community: a discriminant analysis investigation. Ecol. Monogr., 1983, 53, 263–290.
- Dauglas, D. C., Ratti, J. T., Black, R. A. and Alldredge, R. A., Avian habitat associations in riparian zones of Idaho’s Centennial Mountains. Wilson Bull., 1992, 104, 485–500.
- Dos Anjos, L. et al., Insights on the functional composition of specialist and generalist birds throughout continuous and fragmented forests. Ecol. Evol., 2019, 9(11), 6318–6328; doi:10.1002/ece3.5204. PMID: 31236223; PMCID: PMC6580428.
- Kemp, A. C. and Woodcock, M., The Hornbills: Bucerotiformes, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1995, ISBN 0-19-857729-X.
- Datta, A. and Rawat, G. S., Foraging patterns of sympatric hornbills during the non breeding season in Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India. Biotropica, 2003, 35(2), 208–218; doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2003.tb00280.x.S2CID86157117.
- Krishna, C. M., Sarma, K. and Kumar, A., Rapid assessment of Wreathed Hornbill Aceros undulatus (Aves: Bucerotidae) populations and conservation issues in fragmented lowland tropical forests of Arunachal Pradesh, India. J. Threat. Taxa, 2012, 4(14), 3342–3348; doi:10.11609/JoTT.o2969.3342-8.
- Holbrook, K. M. and Smith, T. B., Seed dispersal and movement patterns in two species of Ceratogymna hornbills in a West African tropical lowland forest. Oecologia, 2000, 125(2), 249–257; https://doi.org/10.1007/s0004420000445.
- Sethi, P. and Howe, H. F., Fruit removal by hornbills in a semi evergreen forest of the Indian Eastern Himalaya. J. Trop. Ecol., 2012, 28, 531–541.
- Naniwadekar, R., Seed dispersal by hornbill, conservation status and the consequences of their decline in tropical forest of Arunachal Pradesh. Ph D thesis submitted to Manipal University, Karnataka, 2014; http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/32462?Mode=full (accessed on 17 February 2021).
- Neuschulz, E. et al., Pollination and seed dispersal are the most threatened processes of plant regeneration. Sci. Rep., 2016, 6, 29839; https://doi.org/10.1038/srep29839.
- Wang, B. C. and Smith, T. B., Closing the seed dispersal loop. Trends Ecol. Evol., 2002, 17, 379–386.
- Wenny, D., Sekercioglu, C., Whelan, C. and Cordeiro, N., Seed dispersal by fruit-eating birds. In Ecosystem Services: Seed Dispersal by Terrestrial Avian Frugivores, Ecological Society of America, 2012, pp. 107–146.
- Egerer, M. H., Fricke, E. C. and Rodgers, H. S., Seed dispersal as an ecosystem service: frugivore loss leads to decline of a socially valued plant, Capsicum frutescens. Ecol. Appl., 2018, 28, 655–667; doi:10.1002/eap.1667.
- Kemp, A. C., Family Bucerotidae (hornbills). In Handbook of the Birds of the World (eds Hoyo, J. et al.), Lynx Editions, Barcelona, Spain, 2001, vol. 6, pp. 436–523.
- Datta, A., Hornbill abundance in unlogged forest, selectively logged forest and a forest plantation in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Oryx, 1998, 32, 285–294.
- Sethi, P. and Howe, H. F., Recruitment of hornbill-dispersed trees in hunted and logged forests of the Indian Eastern Himalaya. Conserv. Biol., 2009, 23, 710–718; doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008. 01155.x; PMID:19220369.
- Dasgupta, S. and Hilaluddin, Differential effects of hunting on populations of hornbills and imperial pigeons in the rainforests of the Eastern Indian Himalaya. Indian For., 2012, 138(10), 902–909; Online ISSN: 0019-4816.
- Choudhury, A., The status of endangered species in northeast India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 2006, 103, 157–167.
- Sheth, C., Datta, A. and Parashuram, D., Persistent loss of biologically-rich tropical forests in the Indian Eastern Himalaya. Silva Fenn., 2020, 54, 3; https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.10373.
- Katti, M., Singh, P., Manjrekar, N., Sharma, D. and Mukherjee, S., An ornithological survey in Eastern Arunachal Pradesh, India. Forktail, 1992, 7, 75–89.
- Datta, A. and Goyal, S. P., Responses of diurnal tree squirrels to selective logging in western Arunachal Pradesh. Curr. Sci., 2008, 95, 895–902.
- Fa, J., Peres, C. A. and Meeuwig, J., Bushmeat exploitation in tropical forests: an intercontinental comparison. Conserv. Biol., 2002, 16, 232–237.
- Naniwadekar, R., Shukla, U., Isvaran, K. and Datta, A., Reduced hornbill abundance associated with low seed arrival and altered recruitment in a hunted and logged tropical forest. PLoS ONE, 2015, 10(3), e0120062; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120062.
- Datta, A. and Rawat, G. S., Dispersal modes and spatial patterns of tree species in a tropical forest in Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India. Trop. Conserv. Sci., 2008, 1, 163–185.
- Champion, H. G. and Seth, S. K., A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India, Government of India Press, New Delhi, 1968, p. 404.
- Blozan, W., Tree measuring guidelines of the eastern native tree society. Bull. East. Native Tree Soc., 2006, 1, 3–10; http://www.nativetreesociety.org/bulletin/b1_1/bulletin1_1.htm
- Canfield, R. H., Application of the line interception method in sampling range vegetation. J. For., 1941, 45, 388–394.
- O’Brien, R. A., Comparison of overstory canopy cover estimates on forest survey plots. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper INT-417, Ogden, UT, USA, 1989, p. 5.
- Thomas, L. et al., Distance software: design and analysis of distance sampling surveys for estimating population size. J. Appl. Ecol., 2010, 47, 5–14; doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01737.x.
- Buckland, S. T., Anderson, D. R., Burnham, K. P., Laake, J. L., Borchers, D. L. and Thomas, L., Introduction to Distance Sampling, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2001.
- Anderson, M. J., Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). In Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online (eds Balakrishnan, N. et al.), 2017; doi:10.1002/9781118445112.stat07841.
- Legendre, P., Borcard, D. and Peres-Neto, P. R., Analyzing beta diversity: partitioning the spatial variation of community composition data. Ecol. Monogr., 2005, 75, 435–450.
- Clarke, K. R., Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Aust. Ecol., 1993, 18, 117–143.
- R version 3.4.4 (2018-03-15) R Core Team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2018; http://www.R-project.org/
- Akaike, H., Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In Second International Symposium on Information Theory (eds Petrov, B. N. and Csáki, F.), Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary, 1973, pp. 267–281.
- Raman, S. T. R. and Mudappa, D., Correlates of hornbill distribution and abundance in rainforest fragments in the southern Western Ghats, India. Bird Conserv. Int., 2003, 13, 199–212.
- Anggraini, K., Kinnaird, M. F. and O’Brien, T. G., The effects of fruit availability and habitat disturbance on an assemblage of Sumatran hornbills. Bird Conserv. Int., 2000, 10, 189–202.
- Kinnaird, M. F., O’Brien, T. G. and Suryadi, S., Population fluctuation in Sulawesi Red-Knobbed hornbills: tracking figs in space and time. Auk, 1996, 113, 431–440.
- Poonswad, P. and Tsuji, A., Ranges of males of the Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis, Brown Hornbill Ptilolaemus tickelli and Wreathed Hornbill Rhyticeros undulatusin KhaoYai National Park, Thailand. Ibis, 1994, 136, 79–86.